A Peoples History Essay Example for Free

A Peoples History Essay ZINN QUESTIONS – A People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn Chapter 1 – Columbus, the Indians and Human Progress http://www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistory.html 1. According to Zinn, what is his main purpose for writing A People’s History of the United States? 2. What is Zinn’s thesis for pages 1-11? 3. According to Zinn, how is Columbus portrayed in traditional history books? 4. Why does Zinn dispute Henry Kissinger’s statement: History is the memory of states? 5. What is Zinn’s basic criticism of historian Samuel Eliot Morison’s book, Christopher Columbus, Mariner? 6. What major issues does Bartolome de las Casas bring up regarding Spanish expeditions in the Caribbean? 7. Identify one early and one subsequent motive that drove Columbus to oppress indigenous peoples. 8. What was the ultimate fate of the Arawak Indians? 9. What was the significance of Quetzalcoatl? 10. Compare the strategies and motives underlying the conquest of the Aztecs by Cortez and the conquest of the Incas by Pizzaro. 11. What were the major causes of war between the Powhatans and the English settlers? 12. Discuss the significance of Powhatan’s statement, Why will you take by force what you may have quietly by love? 13. Explain Governor John Winthrop’s legal and biblical justification for seizing Indian land. 14. Explain the main tactic of warfare used by the English against the Indians. 15. According to Roger Williams, how did the English usually justify their attacks on the Indians? 16. What ultimately happened to the estimated 10 million Indians living in North America at the time of Columbus’ arrival? 17. Evaluate the statement: If there are sacrifices to be made for human progress, is it not essential to hold to the principle that those to be sacrificed must make the decision themselves? 18. How does Zinn attempt to prove that the Indians were not inferior? Provide examples.

Radio B92: Unbiased Civil War Coverage by Serbia’s Own :: Free Essays Online

Radio B92: Unbiased Civil War Coverage by Serbia’s Own Fair and impartial reporting of the Balkan wars in the 1990s was a difficult and lone venture. Almost all of the international media had their own biases due to their countries’ part in the war (through NATO or their proximity to the conflict), their acceptance of parts of Serbian government propaganda, or simply their overly exaggerated partialities against the Serbians because of a common belief that all Serbians were entirely responsible for the war. It is also widely accepted that Bosnia and Serbia’s media, if not influenced or controlled by the government and Milosevic, struggled greatly to remain independent – if that. So, throughout the conflict in the 1990's, Radio B92 was the only independent audio news source. It served as the principal alternative to the government controlled media, especially for the former Yugoslavia, but also to the biased international press. According to Jasminka Udovicki and James Ridgeway, the editors of a book about the fall of Yugoslavia titled Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia: It took almost a century, from the emergence of the South Slavic unification movement in the early nineteenth century to the end of World War I, to create Yugoslavia. It took only a few years to destroy it [. . .] Visions of national liberation and modernization brought the South Slavs [. . .] together at last in 1919. Seventy years later, a retrograde, mythical, antimodern vision tore them apart (11). The fall of Yugoslavia was brought about by brutal military force, but the energy needed to utterly dismantle the country was supplied by the political ethno-kitsch (1). An idea emerging here, one expressed by many, is that Yugoslavia may have been alright, or at least far better off and not torn apart if it were not for Milosevic’s means of gaining political power. While these factions did have their differences, they had coexisted for thousands of years before WWI and Tito, the former leader, was able to keep them together. This idea of â€Å"ethno-kitsch† began around 1987, and involved a sort of new taste for an almost vulgar fascination with Serbian nationalism. According to Udovicki and Ridgweway, it, â€Å"was everywhere in Serbia.† At the root of this â€Å"ethno-kitsch† in the late 1980s was a progressively growing perception that Serbian people had been wronged and were hated – completely undeservedly – by other ethnic groups in Yugoslavia.

Life of Pi Pre-Read Socratic Seminar

Pi reflects on religion constantly, but he does mention that he always goes back to his Hindu customs and rituals that he grew up with. Do you believe that religious or people with strong belief systems growing up always have that religion as their bases for many decisions in their life? Does that religious belief ever change? I feel as though the religion will always be the base for decisions. Even if the person may stray away from that religion, the foundation that was put into their mind by that religion will stay. I know that for me, I grew up in a Christian environment.I went to all the Sunday school classes, VBS activities, volunteered at church, but I remember soon getting very agitated with the very people who I knew to be Christian. My family were leaders within the Christian community: pastors, musicians, teachers, wives of pastors, so it didn’t quite make sense that I saw them in acts of betrayal, dishonesty, and anger toward one another. Despite my becoming Atheist at that point in my life, I couldn’t relinquish the morals that I had grown up with: unconditional love for others, forgiveness, non-violence and conservation of the body and mind.I may not have sensed God’s presence then and there, but the religion was still there. In all instances of my life, I still find myself trying my best to follow the morals I grew up with no matter what I come to believe. I see that today in society it is important to raise our children in a well-mannered household. If a parent wants them to grow up well, they must teach them first the morals they want their family to uphold. But they must also place a certain amount of importance on it and let the child understand that it IS important and MUST be followed or it won’t stick with them.I don’t think that the religion or morals change, however meld themselves to fit the new beliefs of the person. If they believe so strongly toward something, they WILL keep it and honor it. Pi state s that the compulsion to make life more livable by inventing a better story is natural instinct both to mankind and animals alike. Is this so of society today? Do we still have the need to conform? How much of a â€Å"better story† can one make before it becomes too unrealistic? Psychologically it is a need to make ourselves look and feel good. It is a way for us to maintain an image of ourselves.It’s a way we attract our mates and a good self-esteem booster. Confidence and consistency is key in this world for us to achieve our desires. We want to be agreeable, make a social situation run smoothly, and avoid disagreement and discord at all costs, yet we do that with the price of breaking the intimacy and trust that holds a bond together. I believe that in order for humanity to survive it needs to face the facts and deal with the blows as they come. Then and only then will true strength of an individual and that individual’s relationship will come forth.I feel th at if humanity continues to lie to themselves, things will not get done. Global Warming for example is considered a myth by many because we don’t want to accept the reality that it will cause our Earth great harm; that it will cause US great harm. The same with the re-invention of stories to make a person more appealing. We don’t think they will cause harm, but they do. We break down trust and make in the end lose our loved ones and ourselves in the process. I believe ir is at this point we begin to question who we actually are and what we can truly achieve.However, I do also feel that as humanity grows deeper into crisis we need a way to escape from the harsh reality of the world. I think that as long as we are in our confines of our own mind, we can keep altering ourselves for betterment. In Pi’s case he seems to want to escape the past and pass the burden of his story to another person. When Orange Juice fights the hyena, the almost human-like nature of the o rangutan disappears and she becomes violent. Pi realizes that personality that one shows does not always beat natural instinct.Name examples where this is true or provide evidence of where it doesn’t. Can personality triumph over instinct? Personality is a big part of how we shape ourselves. The similarities and differences are shown through how we react to the diversity in the world and how we create or destroy relationships with one another. When a person feels threatened by something, or similarly with an animal, they will react almost instinctively in order to protect their being. If a person feels threatened they will yell, kick, and go bat-shit crazy. So will an animal.There is a fine line between instinct and personality. Over the years we have learned to overcome it, but in times of stress it comes out no matter how hard a person or animal has trained to keep it within. It’s like in the Jungle Book: â€Å"You can take the boy out of the jungle, but you canâ₠¬â„¢t take the jungle out of the boy. † The instinct is our body’s natural way of protecting ourselves. I do feel though that over time and through much work a person and an animal can overcome their fears and obstacles to becomes a less threatening being. So yes, personality will triumph both in my heart and in Pi’s.I think that Pi saw this fine line of personality vs instinct and knew full well how even though society has become more modern, there are still things in this world that offset the balance: natural disasters, politics, and religion. That is why I think Pi puts so much stress on the detail that to him religions were based off love and compassion toward everyone and everything. He is confused with how people react like animals when it comes to their beliefs. Simply put, they are threatened. Scared that the balance will now be leaning more towards one side and that another will gain the power and become the â€Å"Alpha† being.

Oracle Bones Predicting the Future in Shang, China

Oracle bones are a type of artifact found in archaeological sites in several parts of the world, but they are best known as a significant characteristic of the Shang dynasty [1600-1050 BC] in China. Oracle bones were used to practice a specific form of divination, fortune-telling, known as pyro-osteomancy. Osteomancy is when shamans (religious specialists) divine the future from the pattern of the natural bumps, cracks, and discolorations in animal bone and turtle shell. Osteomancy is known from prehistoric east and northeast Asia and from North American and Eurasian ethnographic reports. Making an Oracle Bone The subset of osteomancy called pyro-osteomancy is the practice of exposing animal bone and turtle shell to heat  and interpreting the resulting cracks. Pyro-osteomancy is conducted primarily with animal shoulder blades, including deer, sheep, cattle, and pigs, as well as turtle plastrons--the plastron or undercarriage of a turtle being flatter than its upper shell called the carapace. These modified objects are called oracle bones, and they have been found in many domestic, royal and ritual contexts within Shang Dynasty archeological sites. The production of oracle bones is not specific to China, although the largest number recovered to date are from Shang Dynasty period sites. Rituals describing the process of creating oracle bones were recorded in Mongolian divination manuals dated to the early 20th century. According to these records, the seer cut a turtle plastron into a pentagonal shape and then used a knife to incise certain Chinese characters into the bone, depending on the seekers questions. A twig of burning wood was repeatedly inserted into the grooves of the characters until a loud cracking noise was heard, and a radiating pattern of cracks produced. The cracks would be filled with India ink to make them easier for the shaman to read for important information about the future or current events. The History of Chinese Osteomancy Oracle bones in China are much older than the Shang Dynasty. The earliest to date related use are unburned tortoise shells incised with signs, recovered from 24 graves at the early Neolithic [6600-6200 cal BC] Jiahu site in Henan province. These shells are incised with signs which have some similarity to later Chinese characters (see Li et al. 2003). A Late Neolithic sheep or small deer scapula from inner Mongolia may be the earliest divination object recovered yet. The scapula has numerous intentional burn marks on its blade and is dated indirectly from carbonized birchbark in a contemporaneous feature to 3321 calendar years BC (cal BC). Several other isolated finds in Ganzu province also date to the late Neolithic, but the practice did not become widespread until the beginning of the Longshan dynasty in the latter half of the third millennium BC. The patterned carving and scorching of pyro-osteomancy began somewhat haphazardly during the early Bronze Age Longshan period, accompanying a significant increase in political complexity. Evidence for early Bronze Age Erlitou (1900-1500 BC) use of osteomancy is also present in the archaeological record, but like Longshan, also relatively unelaborated. Shang Dynasty Oracle Bones The shift from generalized use to elaborate  ritual took place over hundreds of years  and was not instantaneous over the entire Shang society. Osteomancy rituals using oracle bones became most elaborate during the end of the Shang era (1250-1046 BC). Shang Dynasty oracle bones include complete inscriptions, and their preservation is key to understanding the growth and development of the written form of the Chinese language. At the same time, oracle bones came to be associated with an expanded number of rituals. By Period IIb at Anyang, five main annual rituals and many other supplemental rituals were conducted accompanied by oracle bones. Most significantly, as the practice became more elaborate, access to the rituals and the knowledge derived from the rituals became restricted to the royal court. Osteomancy continued to a lesser degree after the Shang Dynasty ended and up into the Tang era (A.D. 618-907). See Flad 2008 for detailed information about the growth and change of divinatory practices with oracle bones in China. Practice-Engraved Divination Records Divination workshops are known at Anyang in the late Shang (1300-1050 BC) period. There, practice-engraved divination records have been found in abundance. The workshops have been characterized as schools, where student scribes used the same writing tools and surfaces (i.e., the uninscribed portions of used divination bones) to practice everyday writing. Smith (2010) argues  that the main purpose of the workshops was divination, and education of the next generation of diviners simply took place there.   Smith describes curricula that started with ganzhi (cyclical) date tables and buxà ºn (divining for the week ahead) records. Then the students copied more complex model texts including actual divination records as well as specially composed practice models. It appears that the Oracle Bone Workshop students worked with the masters, at the place where divination was performed and recorded.   History of Oracle Bone Research Oracle bones were first identified in the late 19th-century, at archaeological sites such as Yinxu, a late Shang Dynasty capital near Anyang. Although their role in the invention of Chinese writing is still being debated, research into the large caches of oracle bones has demonstrated how the script developed over time, the structure of the written language, and the variety of topics about which the Shang rulers required divine advice about. Over 10,000 oracle bones were found at the site of Anyang, primarily ox shoulder blades and turtle shells carved with archaic forms of Chinese calligraphy, used for divination between the 16th and 11th century BC. There is a bone artifact-making workshop at Anyang which apparently recycled sacrificial animal carcasses. Most of the objects produced there were pins, awls, and arrowheads, but the shoulder blades of the animals are missing, leading researchers to surmise this was a source for oracle bone production elsewhere. Other research on oracle bones is focused on the inscriptions, which do much to enlighten scholars about the Shang society. Many include the names of Shang kings, and references to animal and sometimes human sacrifice dedicated to natural spirits and ancestors. Sources Campbell Roderick B, Li Z, He Y, and Jing Y. 2011. Consumption, exchange Antiquity 85(330):1279-1297.and production at the Great Settlement Shang: bone-working at Tiesanlu, Anyang. Childs-Johnson E. 1987. The jue and Its Ceremonial Use in the Ancestor Cult of China. Artibus Asiae 48(3/4):171-196. Childs-Johnson E. 2012. Big Ding and China Power: Divine Authority and Legitimacy. Asian Perspectives 51(2):164-220. Flad RK. 2008. Divination and power: A multiregional view of the development of oracle bone divination in Early China. Current Anthropology 49(3):403-437. Li X, Harbottle G, Zhang J, and Wang C. 2003. The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BC at Jiahu, Henan Province, China. Antiquity 77(295):31-43. Liu L, and Xu H. 2007. Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history Antiquity 81:886–901.and Chinese archaeology. Smith AT. 2010. The evidence for scribal training at Anyang. In: Li F, and Prager Banner D, editors. Writing and . Seattle: University of Washington Press. p 172-208.Literarcy in Early China Yuan J, and Flad R. 2005. New zooarchaeological evidence for changes in Shang Dynasty animal sacrifice. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24(3):252-270. Yuan S, Wu X, Liu K, Guo Z, Cheng X, Pan Y, and Wang J. 2007. Removal of contaminants from Oracle bones during sample pretreatment. Radiocarbon 49:211-216.

Coffee Shop Draft Proposal - 5306 Words

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION From a cultural standpoint, coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction. The coffeehouse provides social members with a place to cognate, talk, write, read, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups of 2 or 3. Every Morning it will not be complete without breakfast and a cup of coffee in the table of the Filipinos. Sometimes they only drink coffee to fill up their stomach when they are in hurry for office or even for school; it keeps them awake. They say that it help’s blood to flow better. Coffee shops or coffeehouses have been in use since 16th century, particularly in the Middle East, where Turkish coffee house was drunk and men played board games or†¦show more content†¦FINANCIAL ASPECT 1. How much will be the total cost of the business? 2. What will be the primary financing the business? 3. How long will it take to recover the installed primary capital? 4. What financial strategies are to be adopted for the feasibility of the project initial capitalization and growth? 5. How to determine the sources for financing the business? OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study was designed to determine the feasibility and accessibility of the Daniel Cafà © at the Robinson’s Place Ermita, Manila The study aims to locate the best possible site for the type of coffee shop chosen, taking into consideration the degree of competition, the potential for growth and expansion, and the contribution to profit. The overall objective of the study is to determine feasibility of putting up this type of business (Coffee Shop) and to be able to determine the needs of the costumers. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study undertakes to prove whether the proposed project would e feasible or not. The results of the study are significant with regard to following. With the establishment of this proposed project this can add revenue to the government because of the taxes it will pay. The proposed project will benefit the people by providing employment while also serving the public within an entertaining coffee shop. Individuals, researcher and students who are doing studiesShow MoreRelatedCoffee Shop Draft Proposal1434 Words   |  6 Pages* Coffee filters, baked goods, salads, sandwiches, tea, beverages, etc. – Php7 , 900 * Retail supplies (napkins, coffee bags, cleaning , etc.)-php 1,840 * Office supplies –php 287 * Equipment for the total amount of php 59,170: * Espresso machine-php 6,000 * Coffee maker-php900 * Coffee grinder-php200 * Food service equipment (microwave, tosters,dishwasher,refrigerator,blender,etc.)-php18,000 * Storage hardware (bins,utensils rack, shelves, food case)-phpRead MoreBusiness Report. 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First draft can only be used outside IPU with special permission. -do not copy- Preface This Guide has been written in connection with the project with the Danish title Stimulering af mindre virksomheders interesse for arbejdet med renere produkter (StimulatingRead MoreHtc Company Introduction.Pdf2272 Words   |  10 PagesContents ï‚Ÿ ï‚Ÿ ï‚Ÿ ï‚Ÿ Market research Concept creation Facilities investigation Feasibility study ï‚Ÿ Establish direction ï‚Ÿ Possible brand selection ï‚Ÿ Brand comparison - Advantage Disadvantage - Contract conditions - Cost †¢ Appropriate brand proposal ï‚Ÿ Design consulting ï‚Ÿ Construction supervising ï‚Ÿ Creating manual ï‚Ÿ Recruiting ï‚Ÿ HR training ï‚Ÿ Purchasing FFE ï‚Ÿ Pre-marketing ï‚Ÿ License ï‚Ÿ Preopening preparation ï‚Ÿ Marketing ï‚Ÿ Management Performance Period ï‚Ÿ 3 months ï‚Ÿ 3 months Read MoreBraun Ag: the Kf 40 Coffee Machine13776 Words   |  56 Pages9-990-001 DESIGN MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE CASE STUDY Braun AG: The KF 40 Coffee Machine This case study came from the Case Study Research and Development Program at the Design Management Institute’s Center for Research. The Center conducts research and develops educational materials on the role of design and design management in business success. Case studies, the Design Management Journal, reprints from the Journal, and other educational materials are available from the Design ManagementRead MoreBraun Ag: the Kf 40 Coffee Machine13786 Words   |  56 Pages9-990-001 DESIGN MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE CASE STUDY Braun AG: The KF 40 Coffee Machine This case study came from the Case Study Research and Development Program at the Design Management Institute’s Center for Research. The Center conducts research and develops educational materials on the role of design and design management in business success. Case studies, the Design Management Journal, reprints from the Journal, and other educational materials are available from the Design Management InstituteRead MoreThe Myth of Csr5260 Words   |  22 Pagesyears from a fringe activity by a few earnest companies, like The Body Shop, and Ben Jerry’s, to a highly visible priority for traditional corporate leaders from Nike to McDonald’s. Reports of good corporate behavior are now commonplace in the media, from GlaxoSmithKline’s donation of antiretroviral medications to Africa, to Hewlett-Packard’s corporate volunteering programs, to Starbucks’ high-volume purchases of Fair Trade coffee. In fact, CSR has gained such prominence that the Ec onomist devotedRead MoreCadbury an Ethical Company Struggles to Insure the Integrity of Its Supply Chain9806 Words   |  40 Pagestrade in elephant tusks) was part of France’s extensive colonies in Western Africa that included the present-day countries of Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Guinea, Cà ´te d’Ivoire and Niger. Owing to varied agricultural exports (which included coffee and palm oil in addition to cocoa), Cà ´te d’Ivoire was the most prosperous region of French West Africa and supported an extensive community of French expatriates. As a result, Cà ´te d’Ivoire became a magnet for migrant laborers from neighboring coloniesRead MoreCadbury an Ethical Company Struggles to Insure the Integrity of Its Supply Chain9818 Words   |  40 Pagestrade in elephant tusks) was part of France’s extensive colonies in Western Africa that included the present-day countries of Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Guinea, Cà ´te d’Ivoire and Niger. Owing to varied agricultural exports (which included coffee and palm oil in addition to cocoa), Cà ´te d’Ivoire was the most prosperous region of French West Africa and supported an extensive community of French expatriates. As a result, Cà ´te d’Ivoire became a magnet for migrant laborers from neighboring colonies

Confucius The Golden Age Of China - 1504 Words

Confucius lived at a time when China was warring among itself. He was saddened by what he saw happening in China and wanted China to be united and great again. I do not believed Confucius sat out to be one of China’s greatest philosopher. He only wanted to return China to its glory, what he considered to be the golden age of China. Confucius wanted to bring back the upright moral values that the Zhou Dynasty modeled. Confucius believed that if he can find an emperor that will adopt his teachings they will maintain the Tianming or the Mandate of Heaven. The Mandate of Heaven was very important at those times since the Duke of the Zhou made a speech explaining that heaven gave a family the right to rule and that Dynasties†¦show more content†¦His thinking was that strong families will make strong communities which will make a strong government. Confucius believed that if the Emperor lived morally so will the people. If the Emperor didn’t show respect to hi s elders, then what will his followers do? Confucius saw the Emperor as the father to the whole country. Confucius says, â€Å"If you desire what is good, the people will be good. The moral power of the gentleman is wind, the moral power of the common man is grass. Under the wind, the grass must bend. (777)’. The gentleman was a man who had perfected being a superior man and Confucius believed all men should strive to become a gentleman. Confucius saw Filal piety associated with a state of mind that people knew who they were and where their place was in life and respected one another accordingly. This action he believed brought order and stability to the people. Confucius saw Filal piety in the way the Duke of the Zhou declared himself regent to his nephew, and while most thought he was trying get the throne. He only wanted to make sure the neighboring Lords did not take advantage of the young King. This is a great example of Filal piety. The Duke of Zhou cared for his nephew the way he should. In this behavior you can see that the duke of Zhou had the teaching of Filal piety instilled him. Confucius says, â€Å"When the father is alive, watch the son’s actions. If three years later, the son has not veered from the father’s way, he may be called aShow MoreRelatedConfucianism Is A Comprehensive System Of Thought And Behavior Encompassing Religion, Philosophy, Morality, And Political Science1441 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical science.† Its teachings have shaped the political and social development of China for hundreds of years, and leaves its mark in ancient history. Confucius’s teachings dealt mainly with personal and political morality - he taught what it meant to be a just ruler and a man of principles and honour. His teachings sought to restore the Mandate of Heaven to the rulers in order for peace and prosperity to return to China. His main goal was to help the individuals achieve social and personal perfe ctionRead MoreChina s Largest Population On Earth1727 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction China is home to the largest population on Earth and they have experienced dramatic growth during their recent history. China’s GDP in 1952 was a mere 67.9 billion USD which has grown to 10.87 trillion USD today. This GDP growth is mirrored and positively correlated with China’s tremendous population growth. China has experienced a population growth from under 552 million in 1950 to nearly 1.4 billion today. This tremendous growth has brought about an increased dependence onRead MoreThe Periods of Success and Decline in the Dynastic Cycle1121 Words   |  5 PagesAfter the fall of the Qin Dynasty, the Han dynasty drew from the teachings of Confucius to create the Han Synthesis. This formed the traditional belief in China that history repeats itself and directly contributed to the Dynastic Cycle. 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Japan and China secludedRead MoreConfucianism Essay example1230 Words   |  5 Pageseducation, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. Rather than a religion such as Christianity and Buddhism, Confucianism is more a philosophy of living. A man by the name of Kung Fu Tzu (pronounced as Confucius in English) developed the way of thinking that is Confucianism. He was born in 551 B.C in Lu, China of a poor family. At age 15, he dedicated himself to studying withRead MoreConfucianism Is An Eastern Asia Religion / Philosophy1071 Words   |  5 PagesConfucianism is neither said to be a monotheistic nor a polytheistic religion. This religion originated in China during the 6th-5th century BCE, and has since then spread to countries such as Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. Confucianism which means â€Å"The School of the Scholars† developed from the teachings of Confucius. 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If only one word could be used to summarize the Chinese way of life for the last two thousand years, that word would be Confucian. No other person has had as great an effect on the life and thought of the Chinese people as Confucius. He is the most adored person in Chinese history. Confucius claimed no greatness, instead he looked to a past time that he saw as the golden age. He told one of his disciples, I transmit butRead MoreEssay on Exploring International Psychology1045 Words   |  5 Pagesideas. For a long period after the Golden Age of Greece, philosophy was largely derivative. (2009, p.66) Even with the decrease of wisdom philosophies, ancient Greek theories and philosophies are clearly associated Western psychology. Ancient Roots of psychology in China China has ancient roots in psychology originating with a philosophy that has shaped the culture of China. I was impressed to learn how far back the thinking of psychology was present in China as described by Jing and Fu: PsychologicalRead MoreConfucius Vs. Laozi On The State Of Nonaction1679 Words   |  7 Pages Confucius vs, Laozi on the State of Nonaction Confucius (551–479 B.C.E.) and Laozi are some of the most renowned Chinese philosophers of all times. Laozi is considered by many scholars as a contemporary of Confucius. Indeed, the philosophies of the two scholars share a lot in common one of them being that they are critical of the world they live in because of disorder, which they attribute to deviation from the â€Å"way† of the golden period. Also, both their philosophies see the state of â€Å"nonaction†

Ethical Dilemma in ICT Improved Equipments and System

Question: Describe about the Ethical Dilemma in ICT for Improved Equipments and System. Answer: Introduction The information system and technology has been in a state of development since the introduction of improved equipments and system. The growth of technology has also made the development of ICT evitable for the growing companies and organizations (Vaishnavi Kuechler, 2015). The ethical issues and flaws have also grown with the increase of uses of technology and information system. The developed technology has been misused by many people for their personal gain and for harming others. The following assignment has been made on the application of Doing Ethics Technique on a selected article for addressing and understanding the ethical issues of cyber crimes on others. Application of Doing Ethics Technique (DET) Selected article- Smaller firms set to 'face 52bn in fines' for security breaches as cyber-crime skyrockets by OWEN (2017). Step 1: Short Summary of the ethical scenario According to Owen (2017), the British Firms have become a subject to 230,000 attacks by cyber criminals in the year 2016. The total amount of loss tolled to be approximately 52 billion pounds (83.87 billion Australian dollars). The study has shown that the cyber attack had an average frequency of over 1000 on a daily basis in UK. It is an alarming situation for the business organizations as the firewall security is not enough to resist the attack and protect their data from external influence. The chairman of internet service provider Beaming has warned people for not taking these attacks lightly. The current rate of attack on cyber structure can rise to 122 billion pounds in the year 2018, if proper strategies are not applied and implemented (Jacobo, 2016). The development and increase in the issues of National Cyber Security have risen to the loss of 5.26 billion in a year. Step 2: List of stakeholders The stakeholders are very important for any business organization as they form the base for supporting the business organizations with financial support and resources (Moore, 2012). The ethical dilemma has shown that the cyber criminals have harmed the business organizations with the loss of financial resources. The primary stakeholders that have to face negative consequence due to the unethical cyber criminal issues are the organization owners and stakeholders (CEO, Managers, Directors, Investors, Customers, and sponsors). The cyber criminals are the stakeholders that have been benefitted from the cyber criminal activities. They have used the technical knowledge and advancement for getting personal gain by attacking the privacy of information. The non human stakeholders include the computer technology ethics and legal rights to privacy that have been violated in the scenario. Step 3: Ideals and Rights. The ethical issue has given rise to financial loss for the business organization and the involved individuals with the organization. The legal right to privacy and confidentiality of information has also been violated in the ethical dilemma (Melden, 2013). The cyber criminals have used the technology of hacking for getting into the secured system of the business organization and extract the information from the system without any consent of the owner. It has shown the unethical use of technology and equipments for personal gain. The unethical hacking and getting into someone elses data base has shown the non abidance of the computer technology ethics and rights. The personal information of the stakeholders and business organizations data are extracted in the above ethical dilemma. Step 4: Obligations and Laws The cyber criminals have deified the computer technological ethics and given rise to ethical dilemma for the small business organizations and the individuals connected to the organizations (Moore, 2012). The legal obligations included in the ethical dilemma are loss of information authenticity due to misuse by the cyber criminals. The cyber criminals have targeted small business organizations to make money out of the attack. The attackers have used ransom ware for hindering the process of business organizations and access to the information. The owners of the business organization would have to pay a considerable amount to the attackers for letting them use the system for their processes and access the files from the system. According to Kim (2015), the ACS has formed the laws that abide the improper use of technology for harassing the people. Step 5: Consequences for Each Stakeholders The ethical dilemma has resulted in harming the operations of business organizations and the individuals involved in the project. The development of the hacking tools has been deployed for bypassing the security of the information system and extracting the information from the system (Hansson, 2016). The involved stakeholders in the project are organization owners and stakeholders (CEO, Managers, Directors, Investors, Customers, and sponsors), cyber criminals, computer technology ethics, and legal rights to privacy. The human stakeholders that have been negatively affected from the ethical dilemma are the organizations stakeholders and other involved persons. They have to face loss of financial resources due to the mentioned ethical dilemma. The cyber criminals are another stakeholder involved in the scenario. However, they have been positively affected from the issue as they are the initiators of the attack and they gain benefits from the other parties. The non human stakeholders are the computer technology ethics and legal rights to privacy. The unethical use of computer technology has resulted in harming the computer ethics. The rights to privacy of information have also been violated in the scenario. Step 6: Ethical Theories Act Utilitarianism: The ethical dilemma has resulted in decreasing the overall happiness of organization owners and stakeholders (CEO, Managers, Directors, Investors, Customers, and sponsors) by harming the financial stability of the organization (Vaishnavi Kuechler, 2015). Hence, the Utilitarianism would help in modification of the thinking of the cyber criminals and prevent them from misusing the technology. Act Kantianism: The Kantianism theory is helpful for rectification of moral contradictions and logical reasoning that results in solving the unethical issues. According to Hay (2013), the Kantianism theory has the possibility for providing moral lifting of the hackers and cyber criminals to rise above their personal benefits and avoid the unethical practices. Rule Utilitarianism: The rule utilitarianism has been used for solving the issues related with hacking and uplifting of the overall happiness. Social contract theory: The social contract theory applies for supporting the ethical practices in computer technology. Step 7: Solution Summaries The smaller companies should design and implement the process of encryption for their information system storage system. The use of secured design would allow the users for the protecting the information from wireless hackers. Windows firewall is useful for protecting the network security of the information system (Biham Shamir, 2012). However, it has flaws that have been utilized by hackers for getting into the system. Hence, the use of IDS/IPS would be helpful for protecting the network from unauthorized access. The system development of the wireless information system should have integrated and password protection for dealing with the cyber criminals. The lack of self realization among the users has resulted in increasing the occurrence of unethical hacking issues. Conclusion Doing ethics can be defined as the process of analyzing the issues and evaluating methods of their solutions for any specific ethical problem related to technology. The assignment had evaluated the various stakeholders for the small business organization and it has shown the affect of the ethical dilemma on these stakeholders. The various theories of Ethical Science like, Utilitarianism, Kantianism theory, rule utilitarianism, and Social contract theory has been analyzed in the assignment above. The solution summarizes the various methods for dealing with the ethical issues. The solutions are designing and implementing the process of encryption, using secured design for information system, windows firewall, and IDS/IPS technique. The overall analysis of the assignment has shown the development of optimized solution for the ethical issue of hacking into the system. References Biham, E., Shamir, A. (2012).Differential cryptanalysis of the data encryption standard. Springer Science Business Media. Hansson, S. O. (2016). The Ethics of Doing Ethics.Science and engineering ethics, 1-16. Hay, C. (2013).Kantianism, Liberalism, and Feminism: Resisting Oppression. Springer. Jacobo, J. (2016).More Than 100 Cars Stolen by High-Tech Thieves: Police.ABC News. Retrieved 9 August 2016, from https://abcnews.go.com/US/houston-police-100-cars-stolen-high-tech-thieves/story?id=41124433 Kim, J. (2015). A Study on the Development of the Emergent System Recovery in an Effective Way from Hacking Attacks or Security Incidents.International Journal of Security and Its Applications,9(8), 187-194. Melden, A. (2013).Ethical theories. Read Books Ltd. Moore, A. D. (2012). Owning genetic information and gene enhancement techniques: why privacy and property rights may undermine social control of the human genome.Bioethics,14(2). OWEN, V. (2017).Smaller firms set to 'face 52bn in fines' for security breaches as cyber-crime skyrockets.www.dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2017, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/money/smallbusiness/article-4120352/Smaller-firms-set-face-52bn-fines-security-breaches-cyber-crime-skyrockets.html?ITO=1490 Vaishnavi, V. K., Kuechler, W. (2015).Design science research methods and patterns: innovating information and communication technology. Crc Press.